(function() {
d3.geom.concaveHull = function() {
  var calculateDistance = stdevDistance,
  padding = 0,
  delaunay;


function distance(a, b) {
    var dx = a[0]-b[0],
    dy = a[1]-b[1];
    return Math.sqrt((dx * dx) + (dy * dy));
}

function stdevDistance(delaunay) {
  var sides = [];
  delaunay.forEach(function (d) {
    sides.push(distance(d[0],d[1]));
    sides.push(distance(d[0],d[2]));
    sides.push(distance(d[1],d[2]));
  });

  var dev = d3.deviation(sides);
  var mean = d3.mean(sides);

  return mean + dev;
}

function concaveHull(vertices) {

  delaunay = d3.geom.delaunay(vertices);

  var longEdge = calculateDistance(delaunay);

  mesh = delaunay.filter(function (d) {
    return distance(d[0],d[1]) < longEdge && distance(d[0],d[2]) < longEdge && distance(d[1],d[2]) < longEdge
  })

  var counts = {},
      edges = {},
      r,
      result = [];
  // Traverse the edges of all triangles and discard any edges that appear twice.
  mesh.forEach(function(triangle) {
    for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
      var edge = [triangle[i], triangle[(i + 1) % 3]].sort(ascendingCoords).map(String);
      (edges[edge[0]] = (edges[edge[0]] || [])).push(edge[1]);
      (edges[edge[1]] = (edges[edge[1]] || [])).push(edge[0]);
      var k = edge.join(":");
      if (counts[k]) delete counts[k];
      else counts[k] = 1;
    }
  });

  while (1) {
    var k = null;
    // Pick an arbitrary starting point on a boundary.
    for (k in counts) break;
    if (k == null) break;
    result.push(r = k.split(":").map(function(d) { return d.split(",").map(Number); }));
    delete counts[k];
    var q = r[1];
    while (q[0] !== r[0][0] || q[1] !== r[0][1]) {
      var p = q,
          qs = edges[p.join(",")],
          n = qs.length;
      for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        q = qs[i].split(",").map(Number);
        var edge = [p, q].sort(ascendingCoords).join(":");
        if (counts[edge]) {
          delete counts[edge];
          r.push(q);
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  if (padding !== 0) {
    result = pad(result, padding);
  }


  return result;
}

function pad(bounds, amount) {
  var result = [];
  bounds.forEach(function(bound) {
    var padded = [];

    var area = 0;
    bound.forEach(function(p, i) {
      // http://forums.esri.com/Thread.asp?c=2&f=1718&t=174277
      // Area = Area + (X2 - X1) * (Y2 + Y1) / 2

      var im1 = i - 1;
      if(i == 0) {
        im1 = bound.length - 1;
      }
      var pm = bound[im1];
      area += (p[0] - pm[0]) * (p[1] + pm[1]) / 2; 
    });
    var handedness = 1;
    if(area > 0) handedness = -1
    bound.forEach(function(p, i) {
      // average the tangent between 
      var im1 = i - 1;
      if(i == 0) {
        im1 = bound.length - 2;
      }
      //var tp = getTangent(p, bound[ip1]);
      var tm = getTangent(p, bound[im1]);
      //var avg = { x: (tp.x + tm.x)/2, y: (tp.y + tm.y)/2 };
      //var normal = rotate2d(avg, 90);
      var normal = rotate2d(tm, 90 * handedness);
      padded.push([p[0] + normal.x * amount, p[1] + normal.y * amount ])
    })
    result.push(padded)
  })
  return result
}

function getTangent(a, b) {
  var vector = { x: b[0] - a[0], y: b[1] - a[1] }
  var magnitude = Math.sqrt(vector.x*vector.x + vector.y*vector.y);
  vector.x /= magnitude;
  vector.y /= magnitude;
  return vector
}
function rotate2d(vector, angle) {
  //rotate a vector
  angle *= Math.PI/180; //convert to radians
  return {
    x: vector.x * Math.cos(angle) - vector.y * Math.sin(angle),
    y: vector.x * Math.sin(angle) + vector.y * Math.cos(angle)
  }
}

function ascendingCoords(a, b) {
  return a[0] === b[0] ? b[1] - a[1] : b[0] - a[0];
}

concaveHull.padding = function (newPadding) {
  if (!arguments.length) return padding;
  padding = newPadding;
  return concaveHull;
}

concaveHull.distance = function (newDistance) {
  if (!arguments.length) return calculateDistance;
  calculateDistance = newDistance;
  if (typeof newDistance === "number") {
    calculateDistance = function () {return newDistance};
  }
  return concaveHull;
}

return concaveHull;
}
})()