This is a rotating orthographic projection, a type of azimuthal projection. Only the visible front hemisphere is shown, using great-circle clipping. D3 includes support for many other projections, as well as for rendering great arcs.
The geometry for this example comes from Natural Earth’s land dataset via the World Atlas project.
Changed /mbostock/raw/4090846/world-110m.json to a local referenece
https://d3js.org/d3.v3.min.js
https://d3js.org/topojson.v1.min.js